A comma is placed after direct speech. Punctuation. Direct speech. Special cases of direct speech

1. Direct speech stands out quotes, if it goes into a string(in selection): Vladimir Sergeevich ... looked at his man in bewilderment and said in a hasty whisper:"Go find out who it is"(T.).

If direct speech begins from a paragraph then before the beginning of it is placed dash:

... Nikita, bowing to the ground, said:

- I'm sorry, father.(M.G.).

2. Regardless of the place occupied in relation to the author's words, quotation marks inner speech, unspoken thoughts stand out: I look after him and think:Why do people like this live?(M.G.); "Something in her is pathetic after all,"- I thought(Ch.).

3. Quote marks the sounds transmitted in the letter (for example, echo) are distinguished: "Ay,whereyou?" echo echoed loudly; The speaker's voice was clear:"We pass on the latest news."

To convey a telephone conversation in writing, a more common punctuation for the design of a dialogue is used - dash between replicas (see § 51).

4. In newspaper texts, quotation marks are often omitted in direct speech: The French President said:The exchange of views was helpful; Why is this happening?- asks the newspaper.

5. A colon is placed before direct speech following the author's words, and the first word of direct speech is written with uppercase letters. Question and exclamation marks, as well as ellipsis are placed before closing quotes, and dot- after them. For example: Finally, I said to her: “Do you want to go for a walk on the rampart?”(L.); Lying on a bale and plan, he jerked his arms and legs and whispered:"Mother! Mother!"(Ch.); They shouted:"Two ... Orderlies ... Look, look - it's still flying ... Climb under the cars ..."(A.T.); The hostess very often turned to Chichikov with the words:"You took very little"(G.).

6. If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then the colon after the preceding author's words is not always placed.

1) Colon is set if the author's words contain a verb with the meaning of speech-thought ( speak, tell, tell, notice, address, exclaim, shout, whisper, ask, ask, answer, insert, interrupt, speak, start, continue, confirm, explain, agree, assent, remind, advise, reproach, decide, think etc.) or a noun close in meaning or formation to the verbs of speech-thought ( question, answer, words, exclamation, voice, whisper, sound, cry, thought etc.).

In addition, in the function of words that introduce direct speech, verbs are used that denote the speaker's feelings, sensations, internal state ( remember, rejoice, grieve, be surprised, offended, indignant, horrified etc.), as well as verbs denoting facial expressions, gestures, movements ( smile, grin, laugh, laugh, sigh, frown, approach, run up, jump up etc.). Both those and other verbs allow the possibility of adding verbs of speech to them ( rejoiced and said; surprised and asked; smiled and answered; ran up and shouted etc.), so they are perceived as words that introduce direct speech. For example:

a) He looked up with a smile.

- Nothing, before the wedding will heal.

b) While we were digging out the wheels stuck in the sand, a policeman approached us:

- Who are they?

in) Mother frowned.

Did you get a double again?

G) Everyone was horrified:

- Is that really true?

e) The old man got angry:

- Get out of here immediately!

e) The children ran towards their mother: - M a m a!

and) This time he got angry.

- You won't get another gram!

h) She grabbed a piece of wood and began to beat it on the pelvis:

- Climb! Get up!

Compare: On one of these ... days, Zabrodsky came running:“Dmitry Alekseevich, it has begun!”(Er.)

Colon it is also put in those cases when there are no verbs of speech or verbs replacing them with the above meanings in the author's words, but the situation shows that direct speech is introduced: ... And he told him: "This house is our common"(Ch.); ... And he: “Go away, drunken mug!”(M.G.); ... And he: “I am a writer. Not a prose writer. No, I'm in touch with the Muses"(M.).

2) The colon is not put if the insertion of words and said and asked and exclaimed etc. impossible or difficult:

a) Nobody wanted to leave.

Tell me more about your travels.

b) My words clearly confused him.

- So you don't trust me?

in) He had no other choice.

- I accept your terms.

G) The mother's brows furrowed.

- I don't allow it.

e) The little driver's eyes sparkled.

e) - Wonderful! Refurbished to perfection!

Wed: This morning she took money out of my pocket before going to the bakery, and attacked this little book, pulled it out."What do you have?" (Sh.) A colon is also not put if direct speech is enclosed between two sentences from the author, and the second of them contains words introducing direct speech:

He tore out a few sheets of paper from a notebook and handed them to me.

- Write down my comments in detail,he said in a calm voice.

If direct speech is in front of the author's words, then after it are put comma (interrogative) or exclamation mark, ellipsis) and dash: the author's words begin with lowercase letters: “Mother probably doesn’t sleep, but I don’t return from work,”Pavel thought.(BUT.); “Do you know your grandfather, mother?”- mother's son says(N.); "Don't make noise, go quieter, soldier!"- the old man said to Olenin in an angry whisper(L.T.); “I would like to buy peasants…”said Chichikov, he stumbled and did not finish his speech.(G.).

The same when making direct speech from a paragraph:

- Flattery and cowardice are the worst vices,Asya said loudly(T.);

- Well, Natalya, don't you hear about your husband?- Kashulinsky's daughter-in-law interrupted, turning to Natashka(Sh.);

- Hurry, hurry to the city for a doctor!shouted Vladimir.(P.);

- Sleep baby, sleep...the old woman sighed.(Ch.).

Notes:

1. After closing quotes, only dash(regardless of the punctuation mark that direct speech ends with) in cases where the subsequent author's words contain a characteristic of direct speech, its assessment, etc. (the author's remark begins with the words says so, indicates so, that's what he said, that's how he describes etc.): "Nothing happened" - so spoke the mind;"It happened" -so spoke the heart;"There is nothing more beautiful than these snowy peaks" -this is how one traveler describes this area;"Be careful and careful!" -that's what he said to me in parting.

The same if the connecting structure follows: "Every vegetable has its time" -This folk wisdom has been passed down from century to century.

- Hurry, the school is on fire!- And he ran home to wake people up.

1. If the author's words are inside direct speech (highlighted by quotation marks), then quotes are placed only at the beginning and at the end of direct speech and are not placed between direct speech and author's words (such punctuation was found in the works of writers of the 19th century): "I came to command, -Chapaev said, - rather than fiddling with papers "(Furm.).

Notes:

1. A special case of punctuation when breaking quoted words (names of literary works, various enterprises, etc.) is found in the following example: "Peak ..." is it "... lady"?(remark of the interlocutor in response to the assertion that the presented text is an excerpt from The Queen of Spades).

2. Direct speech is not quoted in the following cases:

1) if there is no exact indication to whom it belongs, or if a well-known proverb, saying is given: They said about Ivashka Brovkin:strong(A.T.); It is easier to get sick at home and live cheaper; and rightly so it says:houses and walls help (Ch.);

2) if direct speech is given in a form that indirect speech with the same lexical composition can also have: But it comes to my mind:Is it really worth telling my life? (T.);

3) if in the middle of direct speech is inserted the word says playing the role of an introductory word indicating the source of the message: I'll dieHe speaks,and thank God,He speaks;I don't wantHe speaks,live(T.); I saysI want to kill the commander of the gendarmerie with a pistol(Versh.);

4) if in the middle of the sentence, which is a message from the periodical press, an indication of the source of the message is inserted (such an insert is distinguished by one commas): speaker's speech,the correspondent continuesevoked enthusiastic support from the majority of those present. The same, if the speaker's statement is transmitted approximately (thus the character of direct speech is lost): proposed project,the speaker pointed outhas already been tested in practice.

2. If there should not be any punctuation mark at the place where direct speech is broken by the author's words, or if there should be a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the words of the author are highlighted on both sides commas and dashes after which the first word is written with lowercase letters: "We decided - the assessor continued- with your permission to stay here for the night "(P.) - there would be no sign at the place of the break; "Not, - Yermolai said, - things are not going well; get a boat"(T.) - a comma would have stood in place of the break; "We'll have to spend the night here, -Maksim Maksimych said,“You can’t move through the mountains in such a snowstorm”(L.) - a colon would have stood in place of the gap.

3. If there should have been a point at the place of the break in direct speech by the author's words, then the author's words are preceded by comma and dash and after them - dot and dash; uppercase letters: “I am not connected with anyone and with him, - he reminded himself.“Reality is hostile to me.”(M.G.); “You want to cripple me, Lenochka, - Voropaev shook his head.“Well, can I get there?”(Paul.)

4. If in place of the break in direct speech, the author's words should have stood interrogative or Exclamation point, then this sign is stored before the author's words and after it is placed dash; the author's words begin with lowercase letters followed by dot and dash; the second part of direct speech begins with uppercase letters: “So your name is Pavka? - Tony broke the silence.- Why Pavka? It sounds ugly, better Pavel"(BUT.); “Here it is, the end of the world! -exclaimed Mokhov.- Great! I've never traveled this far before!"(Azh.)

5. If in place of the break in direct speech, the author's words should have been ellipsis, then it is stored before the author's words and after it is placed dash; after the words of the author are placed or comma and dash(if the second part of direct speech does not form an independent sentence, it begins with lowercase letters), or dot and dash(if the second part is a new sentence, it starts with a capital letter): "No need…- With Vershinin said,- don't, boy!(Vs. Iv.); "Wait...Frost said sullenly. - Give me a letter...(F.) 6. If in the author's words inside direct speech there are two verbs with the meaning of the statement, of which one refers to the first part of direct speech, and the other to the second, then after the author's words are placed colon and dash where the first word of the second part begins with uppercase letters: "I'm not asking you,the officer said sternly and asked again:- Old woman, answer!(M.G.); "Thank you very much, - Meshkov replied, humbly took off his cap, but immediately put it on again and bowed, adding hastily:Thank you very much, comrades"(Fed.).

a) Father Vasily raised his eyebrows and smoked, blowing smoke from his nose, then said:"Yeah, so that's how"sighed, paused and left(A.T.) - a comma separates homogeneous predicates said and sighed between which there is a direct speech; ... Sofya Karlovna kissed Manya again and, telling her:"Come, walk, my baby"she dragged herself behind her screens(Lesk.) - a comma closes the adverbial turnover, which includes direct speech; Boris comes up to me and says:"Well knocked down, wonderful"but his eyes are shining, full of envy(Kud.) - a comma separates parts of a compound sentence connected by an adversative union but; Arriving at the dacha in a large company ... the brother suddenly said:"Bear, let's go to billiards"and they locked themselves up and played billiards for three hours(Sim.) - comma before union and in a compound sentence;

b) …She said:“Today, they say, there is little science at the university anymore” - and called her dog Suzette(L.T.) - dash before union and with homogeneous predicates; At this point, he was completely stunned:“Your honor, father, gentleman, how are you ... yes, am I standing ...” - and suddenly cried(Dost.) - a dash after the ellipsis, which ends direct speech; To my question:"Is the old caretaker still alive?"- no one could give me a satisfactory answer(P.) - a dash after a question mark, which ends direct speech; And only when he whispered:"Mother! Mother!"- it seemed to make him feel better(Ch.) - a dash after the exclamation mark, which ends direct speech; Do not say:"Hey dog!" or "Hey cat!"- two lines separated by a non-repeating conjunction or;

in) When the clerk said:"It would be nice, sir, to do this and that," - "Yes, not bad"he usually answered(G.); When a peasant came to him and, scratching the back of his head with his hand, said:“Barin, let me go to work, give money”, - “Go”,he said(G.) - a comma and a dash separate two replicas of different persons located inside the author's words.

Note. Genuine expressions inserted into the text as sentence elements are highlighted quotes, but don't put a colon before them: This “I don’t want to” struck Anton Prokofievich(G.); The orderly's assumption that"The platoon commander got drunk and is sleeping somewhere in the hut",more and more supporters(F.); He remembered the proverb"You chase two hares - you won't catch one"and abandoned the original plan; With a cry"Save the Children!"The young man ran into the burning building.

But if there are words before the real expression sentence, expression, inscription etc., then they are preceded by colon:Above the gate was a sign depicting a portly cupid with an overturned torch in his hand, with the inscription:“Here simple and painted coffins are sold and upholstered ...”(P.); Fast trains rushed past the station with signs on the cars:"Moscow - Vladivostok";Parse the offer:"Lightning flashed and thunder roared."

1. If dialogue lines are given each from a paragraph then before them is placed dash:

- So the German is calm?

- Silence.

- Rockets?

- Yes, but not very often(Kaz.).

2. If replicas follow in selection without specifying to whom they belong, then each of them is in quotation marks and separated from the neighboring dash:"So are you married? I didn't know before! How long ago? - "About two years". - "On whom?" - "On Larina". - "Tatyana?" - "Do you know her?" - "I'm their neighbor"(P.).

"Can't see?" repeated the barin. "Not to be seen," the servant answered for the second time.(T.);

"How are you?" - asked Ekaterina Ivanovna. “Nothing, we live a little,” Startsev answered (Ch.);

"Permission to go to the first company?" - said Maslennikov, diligently, more than usual, stretching himself in front of Saburov. "Go," said Saburov. "I'll be with you soon too."(Sim.).

4. If one replica is broken by another, and then the continuation of the first replica follows, then after its first part and before the beginning of the second, ellipsis:

- I requested…

- You didn't ask for anything.

- ... at least a minute of attention.

5. If in the subsequent replica words from the previous one, belonging to another person, are repeated, and they are perceived as someone else's text, then these words are highlighted quotes:

Kupavina. Ah, this is finally funny. Why a lawyer when there is nothing.

Lynyaev. How about "nothing"?

Kupavina. So, nothing, blank paper(Sharp);

Silane. Walk a little, you better ...

Kuroslepov. Yes,« take a walka little"! All your consideration...(Sharp).

Wed: "If you are free, come to me." - "Like this "you will be free"? After all, I have every minute on the account”; "Believe me, you are still dear to me." - "Your"roads“Totally inappropriate,” she said angrily.

If the words repeated in the subsequent replica are not perceived as someone else's text, then they are not highlighted with quotation marks:

Lynyaev. Alas!

Murzavetsky. What is "alas"? What is it, dear sir, alas?(Ostr.) - the first alas - repetition of a word from someone else's text, the second - a word from your own text.

6. A special form of constructing a dialogue is expressed in the fact that punctuation marks are used as independent replicas - mainly question and exclamation marks:

a) - I will not answer.

- And what will it give you?

- Will give nothing. We will know everything.

b) - You're crazy, - said Proshkin, when he saw my second copyright certificate for the invention.

Such a peculiar use of them is explained by the fact that “the meaning of the exclamation and question marks is so definite and generally accepted that it is possible to express surprise, doubt, indignation, etc. with the help of these signs ... even without words” (cf. § 2, p. 6 and § 3, item 7).

He grabbed the pole, ordered Dina to hold on and climbed. Twice it broke off - the block interfered. Kostylin supported him, - he got out somehow upstairs. Dina pulls his shirt with her little hands, with all her might, laughs herself.

Zhilin took the pole and said:

- Take it to the place, Dina, otherwise they will miss, - beat you(L.T.).

But if the sentence introducing direct speech begins with an affiliative union and but etc., then it is not allocated in a separate paragraph:

They talked some more and started arguing. AndPahom asked what they were arguing about. And the translator said:

- Some say that you need to ask the foreman about the land, but without him it is impossible. And others say, and without it you can(L.T.).

- Well, I'm very glad, - said the wife, - so now you, look, take your medicine carefully. Give me the prescription, I'll send Gerasim to the pharmacy. And she went to get dressed.

He held his breath while she was in the room and sighed heavily when she left.(L.T.).

- When? many exclaimed. And meanwhile, their eyes were incredulously fixed on the hunchback, who, after a moment's silence, got up, saddled his horse, put on the horn, and rode out of the yard (L.).

- I am sure, - I continued, - that the princess is already in love with you.He blushed to the ears and pouted(L.).

4. If there is text from the author between two replicas of the same speaker, then neither this text nor the subsequent direct speech is usually separated into separate paragraphs:

- This formula may have another form, - the professor explained.He slowly walked over to the blackboard, took the chalk and wrote something new for us.

"That's the other option," he said.

In poetic texts, cases are also distinguished when direct speech, interrupted by the author's words (remark), is a continuation of the previous one or when his action is described between two replicas of the same person: in the first case dash is placed on the right, at the end of the line, in the second - on the left, at the beginning of the line (like a paragraph): You demand a lot, Emilia!- (Silence.) Who would have thought that such a fool, Such an insensible... tedious nature!..(L.) Scoundrel, and I will mark you here, So that everyone would consider meeting you an insult.

(Throws cards in his face. The prince is so amazed that he does not know what to do.) - Now we're even(L.).

In verses, after a direct speech ending before a space, a dash is not put.

5. If a dialogue that took place earlier is given in direct speech, it can be arranged either in the form of paragraphs or in selection, but the punctuation changes depending on whether the listener interrupts the narrator or not. If he interrupts, then the conversation that took place earlier is given with paragraphs and in quotation marks, so that the phrases of the narrator and the listener do not mix with the dialogue given by the narrator. For example:

-

"We'll have to linger for a while." "Why? Something happened?"

-

- I'll tell you now.

Another option: the words of the earlier dialogue are given in selection to words and says between phrases in quotes, put dash:

... The traveler began his story:

- It was at the very height of our trip. The conductor came up to me and said:"We'll have to linger for a while." - "Why? Something happened?"

- Did something really happen? - not weathered one of listeners traveler.

- I'll tell you now.

If the listener does not interrupt the narrator, then the dialogue given in the story can also be arranged in two ways: either through dash from paragraphs, or in the selection moreover, in this case, the replicas are enclosed in quotation marks and separated by the sign dash. Wed:

a) ... The traveler began his story:

- It was at the very height of our trip. The conductor came up to me and said:

- Will have to stay for a while.

- Why? Something happened?

- There was a collapse in the mountains.

- Are there any ill effects?

- I'll find out the details. But it is already known that there are victims.

b) ... The traveler began his story:

It was at the very height of our trip. The conductor came up to me and said: "We'll have to linger for a while." - "Why? Something happened?" - "There was a collapse in the mountains." - "Are there any unpleasant consequences?" “I'll get the details. But it is already known that there are victims.”

The audience listened attentively to the traveler's story.

If the dialogue given in the remark is accompanied by the author's words, then it is given in selection and stand out quotes:

Balzaminov. ... They look and smile, and I imagine myself in love. Only once we meet with Lukyan Lukyanych (I didn’t know him then), and he says:"Who are you following here?"I say:"I'm for the eldest."And he said so casually ...(Sharp)

6. If direct speech conveying unspoken thoughts is given after the author's words, then it does not stand out from the paragraph:

Everything went smoothly. Suddenly he caught himself and thought:Isn't there some kind of trick here?»

a) Everything went smoothly.

Isn't there, he thought, some kind of trick here?

b) Everything went smoothly.

"Isn't there some kind of trick here?" he thought.

7. If a long story with many paragraphs is transmitted, then dash is placed only before the first paragraph (neither before the intermediate paragraphs, nor before the last dash is put):

- The work of our expedition went like this, - the scientist-geologist began his story.- B A detailed plan was developed, routes were outlined.[Continues story.]

These are the preliminary results of the expedition.

1. The prose text in the plays is given in selection to the name actor(the latter is highlighted in font); a dot is placed after the name of the actor:

Anna Pavlovna. Where is Viktor Mikhailovich? Lisa. Left. (L.T.)

2. In poetic texts, after the name of the character, given in a separate line and turned off in the middle, a period is not put:

Death, death! He is right - there is fire in the chest - all hell.

Yes, I gave you poison at the ball. (L.)

The theater represents the antechamber of a rich house in Moscow. Three doors: the outer one, into the office of Leonid Fedorovich and into the room of Vasily Leonidich.

Staircase upstairs, to the inner chambers; Behind her is the passage to the buffet. (L.T.)

4. In remarks placed next to the name of the actor and in a different font (usually italic) in brackets, a period is placed after the bracket:

Manefa (Glumov). Run away from the hustle and bustle, run away.

Glumov (with a lean air and with sighs). I'm running away, I'm running away. (Sharp)

5. Remarks in the text relating to this person, if a new phrase of the same person follows the remark or if the remark ends with a remark, begin with a capital letter, italicize in brackets, with a dot inside the bracket:

a) E p and x about d about c. I will go. (Bumps into a chair, which falls over.) Here… (As if triumphant.) You see, excuse the expression, what a circumstance, by the way ... (Ch.)

b) A n f i s a (seeing Lynyaev). Oh, you already ... already yourself. (Goes into the garden.)(Sharp)

If the remark is in the middle of the character's phrase, it begins with lower case and italicized in parentheses, without a dot:

N i k i t a. And now I'll go (looks around) left.

6. In poetic texts, remarks relating to a given person, if they are adjacent to the name of the character, are given in italics in brackets without a dot; if the replicas of the character go in the middle (or at the end of the text), then they are separated into a separate line and given in italics in brackets with a dot:

A r b e n i n (listens)

You lie! He is here
(points to office)
And, surely, he sleeps sweetly: listen,
how it breathes.
(To the side.)
But it will stop soon.

Servant (to the side)

He hears everything ... (L.)

7. A remark referring to another character is usually typed in a smaller font and turned off in a red line, without brackets:

L ub o v A n d r e e v n a. Where are you! Sit already...

Firs enters; he brought a coat.(Ch.)

8. If in the middle of a remark of one person there is a note referring to another person, or a note general(for example, It's getting dark or Songs are distributed), then the remark is turned off, as usual, in a red line, without brackets, and the continuation of the speech of the previously speaking person (before the remark) is given from a new line without a paragraph, and the name of the actor is not repeated:

Sergei Petrovich. Come with me to the house.

There is a clatter of dishes in the kitchen.

Here we have dinner.

The name of the actor is repeated in those cases when he has a remark related to him:

L ub o v A n d r e e v n a. You needed giants... They are only good in fairy tales, but they are so frightening.

Epikhodov walks in the back of the stage and plays the guitar.

Love (thoughtfully). Epikhodov is coming. (Ch.)

9. If the poetic line is divided into parts (in one line the speech of several characters is given), then this line is drawn up with a “ladder”, i.e. the beginning of the text of the replica of the second character will be at the level where the text of the replica of the previously speaking ended:

Ivan Ilyich, let me bet.

Well, good luck. (L.)

If direct speech comes before the author's words, then a comma (question or exclamation point, ellipsis) and a dash are placed after it; the author's words begin with a lowercase letter. For example: “Mother probably doesn’t sleep, but I don’t return from work,” Pavka thought.(N. Ostrovsky); “Do you know your grandfather, mother?” son says to mother(Nekrasov); "Don't make noise, go quieter, soldier!" the old man said to Olenin in an angry whisper.(L. Tolstoy); "I would like to buy peasants ..." - said Chichikov, faltered and did not finish his speech(Gogol).

§ 121. Author's words inside direct speech

1. If the author's words are inside the direct speech, highlighted by quotation marks, then the latter are placed only at the beginning and at the end of the direct speech and are not placed between the direct speech and the author's words. For example: “I came to command,” Chapaev said, “and not to mess around with papers”(Furmanov).

   Note 1. A special case of punctuation when breaking quoted words (name of a literary work, industrial enterprise, etc.) is found in the following example: "Peak ..." is it "... lady"?(remark of the interlocutor in response to the assertion that the presented text is an excerpt from The Queen of Spades).

   Note 2. Usually direct speech is not quoted:

   a) if there is no exact indication to whom it belongs, or when a well-known proverb or saying is given, for example: It is easier to get sick at home and live cheaper; and it is not for nothing that they say: walls at home help(Chekhov); They said about Ivashka Brovkin: strong(A. N. Tolstoy);

   b) if it is given in such a form that indirect speech with the same lexical composition can also have, for example: But it occurs to me: is it really worth telling my life?(Turgenev);

   c) if a word is inserted in the middle of direct speech He speaks, which plays the role of an introductory word indicating the source of the message, for example: I, he says, want to kill the commander of the gendarmerie with a pistol(Vershigora);

   d) if in the middle of the sentence, which is a message from the periodical press, an indication of the source of the message is inserted (such an insert is separated by commas, without a dash), for example: The speaker's speech, the correspondent continues, aroused enthusiastic support from the majority of those present..

2. If there should not have been any sign at the place where direct speech was broken by the author's words or there should have been a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the author's words are highlighted on both sides of the comma and dash, after which the first word is written with a lowercase letter, for example: “We decided,” the assessor continued, “with your permission to stay here overnight.”(Pushkin); “Excuse me,” one skeptic remarked, “isn’t this box from lemons?”(Goncharov).
3. If there should have been a dot at the place of the break in direct speech, then a comma and a dash are placed before the author's words, and after them - a dot and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter. For example: “I am not connected with anyone or anything,” he reminded himself..“Reality is hostile to me.”(Bitter); “You want to cripple me, Lenochka,” Voropaev shook his head..“Well, can I get there?”(Pavlenko).
4. If a question or exclamation mark should have been at the place of the break in direct speech, then this sign is preserved before the author's words and a dash is placed after the corresponding sign; the author's words begin with a lowercase letter, followed by a dot and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter. For example: “So your name is Pavka? Tony broke the silence.- Why Pavka? It sounds ugly, better Pavel"(N. Ostrovsky); “Here it is, the end of the world! Mokhov exclaimed.. - Great! I've never traveled this far before!"(Azhaev).
5. If there should have been an ellipsis at the place of the break in direct speech, then it is stored before the author's words and a dash is placed after it; after the words of the author, either a comma and a dash are placed (if the second part of direct speech does not form an independent sentence), or a dot and a dash (if the second part is a new sentence); in the first case, the second part begins with a lowercase letter, in the second - with an uppercase letter. For example: “Don’t…” said Vershinin, “don’t, lad!”(Vs. Ivanov); “We’re attacking the underpants…” answered Korotkov breathlessly. - Yes, he went on the offensive ... "(Bulgakov).
6. If the author's words inside direct speech contain two verbs with the meaning of an utterance, one of which refers to the first part of direct speech, and the other to the second, then a colon and a dash are placed after the author's words, and the first word of the second part is written with a capital letter. For example: “I’m not asking you,” the officer said sternly and repeated again: “Old woman, answer!”(Bitter); “I humbly thank you,” Meshkov replied, humbly took off his cap, but immediately put it on again and bowed, adding hastily: “Thank you very much, comrades.”(Fedin).

§ 122. Direct speech within the author's words

1) Father Vasily raised his eyebrows and smoked, blowing smoke from his nose, then said: “Yes, that’s how it is”, sighed, was silent and left(A. N. Tolstoy) (a comma separates homogeneous predicates said and sighed, between which there is a direct speech); ... Sofya Karlovna kissed Manya again and, telling her: “Go, walk, my baby,” she herself trudged behind her screens(Leskov) (a comma closes the adverbial turnover, which includes direct speech); Boris comes up to me, says: “He shot down well, wonderful,” but his eyes shine, full of envy.(V. Kudashev) (a comma separates parts of a compound sentence connected by an adversative union but);

2) To my question: "Is the old caretaker still alive?" no one could give me a satisfactory answer(Pushkin) (the dash is placed due to the fact that the previous direct speech ends with a question mark); And only when he whispered: “Mom! Mother!" He seemed to feel better...(Chekhov) (direct speech ends with an exclamation point); ... She said: "Today, they say, there is little science at the university" - and called her dog Suzette(L. Tolstoy) (before and with homogeneous predicates, the setting of a comma and a dash is also found);

3) a comma and a dash are placed between two replicas of different persons located inside the author's words, for example: When the clerk said: "It would be nice, sir, to do this and that," - "Yes, not bad," he usually answered ...(Gogol).

Note. Genuine expressions inserted into the text as sentence elements are enclosed in quotation marks, but they are not preceded by a colon, for example: This “I don’t want to” struck Anton Prokofievich(Gogol); He remembered the proverb “Do not spit in the well…” and stepped aside; Shouting "Save the children!" A young man ran into a burning building.

But if there are words before the real expression sentence, inscription, expression etc., they are preceded by a colon, for example: Above the gate there was a sign depicting a portly cupid with an overturned torch in his hand, with the inscription: “Here simple and painted coffins are sold and upholstered, old ones are also rented and repaired”(Pushkin).

§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue

1. If the replicas of the dialogue are given from a new paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of them, for example:

   - Do you have relatives?

   - There is no one. I am alone in the world.

   – Do you know grammar?

   – Do you know any language other than Aramaic?

   - I know. Greek(Bulgakov).

2. If the replicas follow in the selection without indicating who they belong to, then each of them is enclosed in quotes and separated from the next one by a dash, for example: "So are you married? I didn't know before! How long ago? - "About two years". - "On whom?" - "On Larina". - "Tatyana?" “Do you know her?” - "I'm their neighbor"(Pushkin).
3. If the author's words come after the replica, then the dash is omitted before the next replica: "How are you?" - Ekaterina Ivanovna asked. “Nothing, we live a little,” Startsev replied.(Chekhov).

H horrendous speech is the statement of others. It can be transmitted by direct and indirect speech.

From the means of transmitting someone else's speech:

Direct speech is a verbatim reproduction of someone else's statement. For its transmission, special syntactic constructions are used, which consist of 2 components: the words of the author and the actual direct speech.

I said: "Let's go fishing tomorrow!"

Misha replied: "Okay, I'll pick you up at five in the morning."

Direct speech is usually accompanied author's words, explaining to whom it belongs (the words of the author in the examples given: I said, Misha answered).

When transmitting direct speech in writing, direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks.

“The day after tomorrow I will go to the Volga,” Sasha said.

If in this case the direct speech contains a question or it is pronounced with an exclamation, then a question or exclamation mark and a dash are placed after it, for example:

"Who's screaming?" came a harsh cry from the sea.

“Let's go!” said Gavrila, lowering the oars into the water.

Direct speech can be broken by the words of the author, while punctuation marks are placed as follows: if there is no sign at the place of the break in direct speech or there is a comma, semicolon or colon, then the words of the author are distinguished on both sides by commas and dashes.

"Hear me out sometime to the end."

"My name is Foma, and nicknamed Biryuk."

“It will rain: the ducks are splashing, and the grass smells painfully strongly.”

“Hear me out,” said Nadia, “sometime to the end.”

“My name is Foma,” he replied, “and nicknamed Biryuk.”

“It will rain,” Kalinich objected, “the ducks are splashing over there, and the grass smells painfully strongly.”

If there is a dot at the place where the direct speech breaks, then a comma and a dash are placed before the words of the author, and after them - a dot and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter.

"Let's go for a walk tomorrow morning. I want to know from you Latin names field plants and their properties.

“Let's go for a walk tomorrow morning,” Anna Sergeevna said to Bazarov. “I want to learn from you the Latin names of field plants and their properties.”

If there is a question or exclamation mark at the place of the break in direct speech, then a dash is placed before the words of the author, and after them a period and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter.

3 punctuation in sentences with direct speech:

Indirect speech This is a paraphrase of someone else's statement. For its design, one of the types of subordinate clause is used - a construction with a subordinate explanatory clause.

The main part of such proposals is built on behalf of the author of the text and matches the words the author in direct speech, and the subordinate part conveys the content utterances and corresponds to direct speech.

Syntactically indirect speech is complex sentence, where the words of the author are conveyed in the main clause, and the statement itself is conveyed in the subordinate clause.

Anton said that tomorrow we will go out of town.

When transmitting other people's words in direct speech, appeals, interjections, introductory words are preserved, and in indirect speech they are omitted.

For example:

“Hey Petya, did you pass the exam?” - asked Nadia(direct speech).

Nadia asked Petya if he passed the exam(indirect speech).

A question expressed in indirect speech is called indirect question. There is no question mark after an indirect question.

Direct speech (hereinafter PR) is the transmission of someone else's statement accompanied by the author's words. Its correct design allows you to convey all the features of the living Russian language, its expression. This is taught from the fifth grade. This is a separate sentence from the author's words. It preserves and conveys not only the general meaning of the statement, but also its stylistic features.

Methods of transmission and registration

The text of the author may include other people's words that do not belong to him.

To formalize other people's thoughts, you can use the rules for writing direct or indirect speech, improperly direct speech or dialogue. At the same time, it will be more difficult to issue the first version, since it includes the words of the author. But it is direct speech that retains 100% both the content and the form of other people's sayings.

Punctuation marks

Alien expressions in a letter require special design, depending on the location of the author's text, they can be before, after or inside the PR.

The following four options are possible:

Schemes and dialogue

The easiest way to remember the rules for designing a PR is using diagrams.

Signs can be respectively large or small.

The dialogue is not formatted in quotation marks, even if there is an author's text. Each new replica starts on a new line and is preceded by a dash.

- May I go? - Olya asked.

“Yes, of course,” Mom replied. - Go play.

If there are two direct speeches in one sentence, then a colon is also placed before the second one.

–Yes, go, - my mother answered and asked: - Are you going with Kolya?

Short dialogues are written in one line:

- I will go? - Olya asked. - Oh sure!

Writing quotes

A quote is a verbatim reproduction of someone's statements.. They are usually framed in quotation marks, like sentences with PR. But not every quote is PR. To do this, a sentence with a quote must contain the words of the author.

A quote can be both prose and poetry, but such sentences are drawn up according to the same rules as a regular PR. And only if such a poetic quotation is drawn up separately from the author's speech, it is not enclosed in quotation marks.

If the sentence continues after the poetic quotation, then a dash or a comma and a dash is put at the end of the poem.

Direct speech, i.e., the speech of another person, included in the author's text and reproduced verbatim, is drawn up in two ways.

If direct speech is in a string (in a selection), then it is enclosed in quotation marks: « I'm sorry I didn't know your father , she said after a while. -He must have been very kind, very serious, very fond of you. ". Luzhin said nothing(Nab.).

If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of it (there are no quotes):

Fedya and Kuzma were silent. Kuzma winked imperceptibly at Fedya, and they went out into the street.

– Here's what I came for: have the Lyubavins arrived from the mowing?

– We've arrived.

– Take Yasha and wait for me here. I'll pop home for a minute(Shuksh.).

Both ways of designing direct speech can be combined if the speech of one person also includes the direct speech of another person:

– Did I say so?

– Oh, terrible fool!(Bond.).

– Have you had a dream, or what?

– Vidal. As if my father and I went to trade a horse, we both liked one horse, my father blinks at me: “Jump and jump » (Shuksh.).

§134

If direct speech is worth before introducing it author's words, then a comma and a dash are placed after direct speech, and the author's words begin with a lowercase letter: “We understand everything perfectly, Nikolai Vasilyevich,” Solodovnikov quipped to himself, sitting down on a white stool.(Shuksh.). If after direct speech there is a question, exclamation point or ellipsis, then these signs are preserved, and a comma is not put; the words of the author, as in the first case, begin with a lowercase letter: “Yes, it was necessary to say goodbye! ..” - he realized when the covered car was already climbing up to the vozvoz(Shuksh.); “My blue-eyed guardian angel, why are you looking at me with such sad anxiety?” - Krymov wanted to say ironically(Bond.).

If direct speech is worth after the words of the author, then these words end with a colon; punctuation marks after direct speech are preserved: I I tell him: "Don't cry, Egor, don't"(rasp.); Philip mechanically drove the steering oar and kept thinking: "Maryushka, Marya ..."(Shuksh.); I wanted to get to the “office” as soon as possible, to pick up the phone, to hear the familiar voice of Dolin: “Is that you? You have to, don't you?"(Sol.).

§135

1. If a at the break point turns out exclamation or question mark, then it is preserved, followed by a dash before the words of the author (with lowercase letters), these words are followed by a dot and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: “Am I giving happiness to many people now, as I did before? thought Kiprensky. “Are only fools trying to arrange the well-being of their lives?”(Paust.); “Yes, be quiet! - ordered the attendant. “Can you shut up?!”(Shuksh.).

2. If a at the break point direct speech should be ellipsis, then it is preserved and a dash is placed after it; after the words of the author, a comma and a dash are placed if the second part of direct speech is not an independent sentence, or a period and a dash if the second part of direct speech is an independent sentence; the second part of direct speech, respectively, begins with a lowercase or uppercase letter: “Probably, she had a seizure with the hostess ... - thought Mashenka, - or she quarreled with her husband ...”(Ch.); “Wait a minute…” Lyonka shouted, releasing his flaxen hair from his grandfather's clumsy, trembling fingers, brightening up a little. - As you say? Dust?"(M. G.).

3. If a at the break point direct speech should not have any punctuation mark or should be mid-sentence marks: comma, semicolon, colon, dash, then the words of the author are separated by a comma and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a lowercase letter: “You can’t understand,” I whisper, having called Ruslan into the next room and shutting the door, “because we are different beings.”(Trif.); “So, withered a little, from one side,” Asya giggled in a youthful way, wrinkles spread across her face, “like a stale apple”(Trif.); “Suddenly you sow,” Semyon thought, “and ordinary barley will grow. Most likely it will happen.”(Sol.); “Yes, something is pecking badly,” the Fog spoke, “it hurts hot.”(T.); “But how will you play,” Darwin said in response to his thoughts, “this is, of course, a question”(Nab.).

4. If a at the break point direct speech should be dot, then a comma and a dash are placed before the words of the author, after these words - a period and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: “They were dismissed before the verdict,” Dvornik said. “They will announce tomorrow at nine in the evening.”(Trif.).

5. If the author's words break apart within the meaning of into two parts, which are related to different parts direct speech, then, subject to other conditions, a colon and a dash are placed after the words of the author: "Ehma ... - hopelesslysighed Gavrila in response to a stern orderand bitterlyadded : - My fate is lost!(M. G.); "Don't touch your uniform! -ordered Lermontovand added , not at all angry, but even with some curiosity: “Are you going to listen to me or not?”(Paust.); “Have you ever smelled copper on your hands? -asked unexpectedly, the engraver, and without waiting for an answer, grimaced andcontinued : - Poisonous, disgusting "(Paust.).

§136

If direct speech is inside the words of the author, then it is enclosed in quotation marks and preceded by a colon; direct speech begins with a capital letter. After direct speech, punctuation marks are arranged as follows:

a) a comma is placed if it was necessary at the break point of the author's introductory words: Saying "see you soon" she quickly left the room ;

b) a dash is placed in the absence of a punctuation mark at the break point of the author's introductory words: Overcoming embarrassment, he muttered a student joke: "My grandmother got measles" - and wanted to give the conversation that started a casual lightness.(Bond.);

in) a dash is placed if direct speech ends with an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation point: The children expected him to praise them, but grandfather, shaking his head, said: “This stone has been lying here for many years, this is where it belongs ...” - and told about the feat of three Soviet intelligence officers(Dry); Pyotr Mikhailovich wanted to say: “Please don’t get involved in your own business!” - but said nothing(Ch.); She is[dog] stops. I repeat: "What is said?" - and keep it on the counter for a long time(Shv.);

G) if direct speech is directly included in the author's sentence as its member, then it is enclosed in quotation marks, while punctuation marks are placed according to the terms of the author's sentence: Having said to Grichmar the phrase “There is no easy life, there is only an easy death”, Krymov caught Stishov’s restless, warning look(Bond.).

§137

If direct speech belongs to different persons, then each replica is separated by quotation marks separately:

a) replicas are separated from each other by a dash: "Samovar - ready?" - "Not yet..." - "Why? Someone has come." - "Avdotya Gavrilovna"(M. G.);

b) if one of the replicas is accompanied by introductory author's words, then the next one is not separated by a dash: "Are you a widow?" he asked quietly. "Third year". - How long have you been married? “A year and five months…”(M. G.);

in) a dot and a dash are placed between replicas belonging to different persons and provided with different author's words: Passing by, he said: "Don't forget to buy tickets." "I'll try," I replied.; if the first replica contains exclamation or question marks, the period is omitted: Passing by, he shouted: "Cheer up!" "I'll try," I replied. ;

G) a comma and a dash are placed between replicas belonging to different persons, but united by a common author's sentence: When the clerk said: "It would be nice, sir, to do this and that," - "Yes, not bad," he usually answered(G.); if the first sentence contains exclamation or question marks, the comma is omitted: When I asked, “Why are you wearing a carpet on your back?” "I'm cold," he replied.; the same with a different arrangement of parts of the author's proposal: When I asked, “Why are you wearing a carpet on your back?” - he replied: "I'm cold"(Current.).

§138

At paragraph allocation dialogue lines placed before the replica dash; after the words of the author preceding the dialogue, a colon or period is put. If the author's text contains words that introduce direct speech, then a colon is placed after them; if there are no such words, then a full stop is put:

Carmen withdrew her hand; the unfinished measure froze with an interrogative ringing.

– I'll play it, she said.

– When?

– When will you be with me(Greene).

The telegraph operator, a strict dry woman, after reading the telegram,suggested :

– Compose differently. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.

– Why? asked the Weird. “I always write to her like that in my letters. This is my wife! .. You probably thought ...

– You can write anything in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is plain text.

Freak rewrote(Shuksh.).

The same with a single replica:

Shatsky paced the room.

– Suffocation, suffocation! he muttered. – Local evenings cause asthma(Paust.).

His eyes are downcast. Then he raised them to Nadya, his ordinary blue eyes, smiled and said softly:

– Excuse me. This is my fault. This is childish on my part(Sol.).

§139

Paragraph and non-paragraph (using quotation marks) selection of direct speech is used differentially. If the text alternates between external speech (addressed to the interlocutor) and internal speech (I thought to myself), then external speech is formed using indentation, and internal speech using quotation marks:

– M-yes. Well, you are right. It is impossible to change the case for idleness. Go ahead and draw your triangles.

Nadia looked imploringly into Ivan's eyes. "Well, what's so terrible -wanted to tell her . - There will be a new evening tomorrow, you can go to the White Mountains. And the day after tomorrow. But it’s not my fault if I promised two weeks ago.”(Sol.).

And after my words, he smiled from ear to ear (he has such a mouth, just from ear to ear) and joyfully agreed:

– Okay, then let's go.

"Here I'll show you" let's go ", -I thought to myself (Sol.).

Only quotes mark the inner ( thought to myself) speech in the author's text, outside the dialogue:

Kuzma looked where they pointed. There, on the slope of another slope, mowers walked in a chain. Behind them, mowed grass remained in even lines - beautiful. “Some of them is Marya,”Kuzma thought calmly (Shuksh.); Kuzma looked at her with pleasure. "What am I, a fool, looking for more?" -he thought (Shuksh.).

Quote punctuation marks

§140

Quotes are concluded in quotation marks and are punctuated in the same way as direct speech (see § 133-136):

a) Marcus Aurelius said: “Pain is a living idea of ​​pain: make an effort of will to change this idea, throw it away, stop complaining, and the pain will disappear”(Ch.); Remember the words of L. N. Tolstoy more often: “A person has only duties!”; M. Aliger has the lines: “A person needs very little for happiness to grow to its full height”; L. N. Tolstoy has an interesting comparison: “Just as an eye has an eyelid, so a fool has self-confidence to protect himself from the possibility of defeating his vanity. And both, the more they take care of themselves, the less they see - they close their eyes. ;

b) “Whoever shoots the past with a pistol, the future will shoot with a cannon,” wrote R. Gamzatov; “He is not a writer who has not added at least a little vigilance to a person’s vision,” said K. Paustovsky ;

in) “In order to create something,” wrote Goethe, “one must be something”; “If on Nikola (December 19),” the book said, “the day is cold and clear - by the grain year”(Sol.);

G) Pascal's saying: "He who knows how to suggest that he is not very cunning, he is far from being simple" - sounds aphoristic; Picasso's words: "Art is an emanation of pain and sadness" - have a deep meaning .

§141

If the quotation is incomplete, then the gap is indicated ellipsis(at the beginning of a quote, in the middle or at the end):

a) “... If good has a reason, it is no longer good; if good has a consequence, then it is no longer good. Good is beyond effects and causes,” wrote Leo Tolstoy in his diaries; “... The poem develops into my memories, which at least once a year (often in December) require me to do something with them,” A. Akhmatova notes in “Prose about the Poem” ;

b) “The biography of the heroine ... is written in one of my notebooks,” writes A. Akhmatova in one of her letters from Komarov ;

in) “Goethe somewhere says that nothing significant can be created in a foreign language - I always thought that this was not true ...” - wrote M. Tsvetaeva in 1926 to Rilke .

§142

If the quotation precedes the author's text, then after the ellipsis the word is written with capital letter; if the quote comes after the author's words, then after the ellipsis is used lowercase letter : “... Olesha's books fully express his being, whether it's Envy, or Three Fat Men, or polished little stories,” wrote V. Lidin; V. Lidin wrote: “... Olesha’s books fully express his being, whether it’s Envy, or Three Fat Men, or polished short stories” .

§143

The quotation included in the author's proposal as its component is highlighted quotation marks(but begins with a lowercase letter), punctuation marks are used only those that are dictated by the author's sentence itself: The thought of L. N. Tolstoy “time is the relation of the movement of one’s life to the movement of other beings”, expressed in his diaries, has a philosophical content .

If the quotation is not an independent sentence and ends with an ellipsis, then after the closing quotation marks a dot is placed, referring to the entire sentence as a whole: Iskander noted that "wisdom is the mind, insisted on conscience ...". Wed: Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death; nobility is the most dangerous poison" . – Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death…” . – Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote: “An idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death…”(In the first and second cases, the dot after the closing quotation marks refers to the entire sentence as a whole; in the third, the quotation is framed as an independent sentence that has its own final sign (ellipsis), so there is no dot after the closing quotation mark.)

§144

When shortening a quotation that already has ellipsis that perform one or another function inherent to them, the ellipsis set by the author citing the text, indicating the abbreviation of the quote, is enclosed in angle brackets: In the diary of L. N. Tolstoy we read: “She cannot renounce her feelings<…>. In her, like in all women, feeling prevails, and every change occurs, perhaps, regardless of reason, in feeling ... Maybe Tanya is right that this will gradually pass by itself.<…>» .

§145

If there is already a quote in the quoted text, then they use quotation marks of various shapes - “cutes” ( „“ ) and Christmas trees ( «» ). "Paws" (or "paws") - an internal sign; "Christmas trees" - external. For example: “Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery,” Pushkin once said. Near this line, it seems, we have now stopped, realizing that it is impossible to step back, and not daring, but getting ready and getting ready to move forward, to true respect.(Spread).

§146

If it is necessary for the quoter to highlight individual words of the quote, this selection is specified in brackets: ( emphasized by us. – N.V.); (our italics. – N.V.); (our discharge. - Ed.). For example: “Whoever wants to study man in history must be able to analyze historical (allocated by us. – N.V.) emotions"(Yu. Lotman).

If the citing person inserts his own explanatory text into the quotation or expands the abbreviated word, then this explanation is enclosed in square or angle brackets: "Thank you for admiring Moore[son of M. Tsvetaeva] ... ”- M. Tsvetaeva writes to B. Pasternak in 1927; “The stairs must have been read! P[because] h[then] Leia read. Get it from her, correct the typos,” writes M. Tsvetaeva to B. Pasternak in 1927.

§147

References to the author and source of citation are enclosed in brackets; The dot that ends the quotation is placed after the closing parenthesis. For example: “To think pedagogically broadly means to be able to see educational meaning in any social phenomenon” (Azarov Y. Learning to teach // New World. 1987. No. 4. S. 242).

If a quotation ends with a question mark, exclamation mark, or ellipsis, then these characters retain their place (before the closing quotation mark). When listing examples, the dot after the closing bracket is replaced with a semicolon: “How mysterious you are, thunderstorm!” (I. Bunin. The fields smell...); “Don't leave your loved ones. There are no former lovers in the world ... " (A. Voznesensky. Poems. M., 2001. S. 5).

If an indication of the author or the cited source is placed below the quotation, in particular with epigraphs, then the brackets are removed, as are the quotation marks in the quotation, and a sign corresponding to this sentence is placed at the end of the quotation. For example:

White rose with black toad

I wanted to get married on earth.

S. Yesenin

You don't love me, you love mine!

F. Dostoevsky

… why so often

I feel sorry for the whole world and sorry for the person?

N. Zabolotsky

Painting teaches to look and see...

A. Blok

Quoting quotation marks and "foreign" words

§148

quotation marks quotes (alien speech) are highlighted, included in the author's text, including direct speech (see § 140–145).

Without quotes poetic quotations are drawn up if they are given with the preservation of the author's stanza. The highlighting function is taken over by the position in the text:

The twelfth - the last and short - chapter of the book begins. The twelfth hour of the short life of Alexander Blok strikes.

Only in the terrible morning fog

the clock strikes for the last time...

…One thousand nine hundred and twentieth year has come, the fourth year of the new, October era(Eagle).

Not enclosed in quotation marks and direct speech when transmitting dialogue using paragraph articulation (see § 138), since the position in the text takes on the highlighting function.

§149

Quotes are allocated other people's words included in the author's text, when their belonging to another person is indicated: This happened in the spring of 1901, which Blok called"extremely important" (Eagle); Pasternak writes: "... in my individual case, life turned into artistic implementation, as it was born from fate and experience." But what is"fate and experience" in"special case" Pasternak? This is again"artistic transformation" , with whom meetings, correspondence, conversations were connected - with Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Aseev, Paolo Yashvili, Titian Tabidze(Likh.); Jordan loved Kiprensky and called him"kind soul" (Paust.); Pasternak's struggle for"unheard of simplicity" poetic language was a struggle not for its comprehensibility, but for its originality, originality - the absence of poetic secondary, primitive traditionalism ...(Likh.).

Quoting unusually used words

§150

quotation marks words are distinguished that are alien to the writer's vocabulary: words used in an unusual (special, professional) meaning, words belonging to a special, often narrow circle of people communicating: I poked the paddle, kid"dal var" (Shv.); The grass did not fade for a long time. Only blue haze (popularly called"mga" ) tightened the reaches on the Oka and distant forests."Mga" then thickened, then turned pale(Paust.); Sasha lives"on bread" in a town house(Boon.); A solution of calcium sulfate salts from gypsum can go into the microscopic pores of ceramics and give"efflorescence" on the surface of the work there are whitish spots under the glaze. Ideally, only ceramics would take root on ceramics. Such"implant" would age in sync with the original(journal).

§151

quotation marks different style words are highlighted, the ironic meaning of the word is emphasized, an indication is given of the double meaning of the word or the meaning known only to the person to whom the words are addressed: ...Many pages of the English classic novel"break" from the wealth of the material world and sparkle with this wealth(M. Urnov) (a different style word in a scientific text); ... The mystery of this mysterious acquisition, a generous gift for"services" , serves as an example of ambiguous interpretations(M. Urnov) (ironic meaning of the word); As long as it's a secret, don't say anything"there" known to you"person" (Ch.) ( there, person- the meaning of the words is known only to the addressee); I began to take exams ... when"decent persons" they were not kept(Eagle) (indication of a special, secret meaning of the word); ... And if not for this thesis, it is still unknown what the departmental"bewilderment" (Hall.) (ironically-reprehensible use of the word); And so every day"dawn" before"dawn" . BUT"dawn" - this is a special article used by the guard in the guardhouse in the morning and evening(Gil.) (double sense - generally accepted and conditional).

§152

quotation marks words are used in a special, often conditional meaning: After all, the zero cycle -"non-dusty" cycle, it does not require numerous subcontractors and suppliers(Hall.).

§153

The quotation marks emphasize the purely grammatical unusualness of the use of words, for example, when parts of speech or whole turns that are not intended to express these functions are used as members of a sentence: "Want?" , "let it be you" sounded in my ears and produced a kind of intoxication; I didn’t see anything or anyone except Sonya(L. T.); From his friendly"I've been waiting for you" she cheered up(B.P.).