Prevention of diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Diseases of the cardiovascular system and their prevention Prevention of heart diseases

World Heart Day is celebrated annually on the last Sunday of September. On this day, the World Health Organization (WHO), UNESCO and other organizations are trying to draw attention to the fact that there is an epidemic of cardiovascular diseases in the world. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world today.

Timely prevention of heart disease and a conscious attitude to your body and health can stop the spread of this epidemic and save many lives.

What causes heart disease?

Risk factors for heart disease and stroke include high blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose levels, smoking, insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables, overweight, obesity and physical inactivity.

What symptoms indicate cardiovascular disease?

• pain in the chest;
• dizziness, sweating and weakness;
• causeless fainting;
• changes in heartbeat that are accompanied by malaise;
• pallor of the skin;
• frequent swelling;
• dyspnea.

Remember that heart disease is easier to prevent than to cure, so none of these symptoms should be attributed to the results of overwork or temporary malaise.

What is needed to prevent cardiovascular disease?

- Physical activity. This is any sport, at an older age - in a gentle mode, or 30-40 minutes of walking if you have never been actively involved in sports.

- Proper nutrition. You can not abuse red meat and side dishes, the less a person consumes sweet, salty and starchy foods, the better.

- Daily routine and healthy sleep. At the same time, sleep should be not only complete in terms of quantity, but also in terms of quality - the bed should be hard, and the pillow and mattress should be orthopedic.

- Attentive attitude to well-being - if you listen to your body, you will be able to notice all the alarming signals in time and, accordingly, consult a doctor in a timely manner, thereby preventing the disease.

- Giving up bad habits: smoking, alcohol, stress, overeating and a poor lifestyle in general - all this increases the likelihood of heart disease at times.

- Positive attitude. Depression and even domestic stress immediately affect the work of the heart, so you should protect yourself from strong negative experiences.

- Knowing of limits. “The first and most important thing is that a sense of proportion in life should be in everything: in food, playing sports, working, walking,” says Chief Cardiologist of Moscow, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor Yuri Buziashvili.

What symptoms can indicate heart problems in a child?

• In children of the first year of life - "perspiration" during breastfeeding, poor weight gain.
• In children of preschool and school age - fatigue, shortness of breath, unwillingness to play outdoor games.
• Fainting and pre-fainting states.
• The child has chest pain and difficulty breathing.
• The child "feels" the heart, as if it is working intermittently.
• High or low blood pressure.

How often should you visit a cardiologist?

Cardiologists recommend going to the appointment not when the heart starts to hurt seriously or dangerous symptoms appear, but to visit the doctor regularly for prevention purposes. The fact is that heart disease develops slowly, the first symptoms can be headaches, pressure surges, pinching in the heart area. Therefore, the ideal mode of communication with a cardiologist is once a year and a half, and then, provided that nothing bothers you.

You should be more attentive to your heart after 45-50 years - at this age, regular checks of all body systems are necessary, and the heart - in the first place.

How is the heart examined?

There are several examination options:

- ECG (electrocardiogram);

- stress ECG (ECG recording during physical activity);

- ECG Holter monitoring (ECG recording during the day).

A deeper understanding of the work of the heart is given by methods such as:

- echocardiography (examination of the condition of the heart muscles and valves using ultrasound);

- phonocardiography (examination of heart murmurs);

- X-ray, computed and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine (in order to understand that the causes of pain in the heart area are not directly related to the heart).

What are cardiovascular diseases?

Arrhythmia These are heart rhythm disturbances. Among the common causes of arrhythmias are smoking and alcoholism.

is a chronic disease that affects fairly large and medium-sized arteries. The essence of the disease is that lipoproteins are deposited in the inner lining of the arteries.

Varicose or varicose veins- this is a pathological process of damage to blood vessels or veins that carry blood, on which "nodes" are formed that prevent normal blood flow.

Hypertonic disease- Manifested as an increase in blood pressure. This disease leads to the defeat of most vital organs.

- damage to the heart muscle, which occurs due to blockage of the coronary, or its branches, arteries. In most cases, it is a consequence of atherosclerosis and obesity.

Cardiac ischemia- resulting from a violation of the blood-filling function of the heart. Usually this disease is paired with other heart diseases.

Cardiosclerosis- a disease of the heart, which is based on the development of connective tissue in the myocardium as a result of coronary atherosclerosis.

Heart failure- a condition expressed in the impossibility of the heart to work as a pump that provides blood circulation. Also, heart failure is a consequence of other diseases of the cardiovascular system that deactivate this function of the heart.

is a form of ischemic disease. Manifested in a sharp pain in the heart.

Thromboembolism- blockage of blood vessels by blood clots. The most dangerous thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery and its branches.

What to do if the heart "grabbed"?

The main signs of serious heart problems are chest pain that radiates to the left arm, under the shoulder blade, to the neck. The pain is severe, but for some it may be aching or dull.

First of all, you need to call an ambulance, and you need to call a special cardiological team. While help is on the way, you can take one tablet of nitroglycerin.

This is a universal remedy for pain in the heart. It will also help to distinguish a myocardial infarction from an angina attack. With an attack of angina pectoris, the pain after taking nitroglycerin will quickly pass, but with a heart attack - no.

More than one tablet of nitroglycerin should not be taken: it can lower blood pressure, which will worsen the patient's condition.

If there are no contraindications, you can take aspirin at a dosage of up to 500 mg, and then lie down. The rest of the first aid measures should be taken not by the patient, but by the doctor.

It is easier to prevent the development of certain diseases than to get rid of them later. This is especially true for pathologies of the heart. Comprehensive prevention of cardiovascular diseases carried out in time helps patients who are at risk to change something in their lives in order to stay healthy.

Heart Diseases - List

Pathologies of the heart and blood vessels are an acute problem of our time, not only a medical, but also a social aspect. Mortality from CVD comes out on top, ahead of even tumors, and some patients become disabled. The group of pathologies is extensive. You can divide them into congenital and acquired heart diseases, a list of them:

• IHD () chronic and acute forms: heart attack, angina pectoris, cardiosclerosis;
• arterial hypertension;
• arrhythmias;
• heart failure;
• inflammatory and infectious lesions, including myocarditis, pericarditis;
• vein diseases (phlebitis, thrombosis, varicose veins);
• peripheral blood flow pathologies and others.

Cardiovascular disease - causes

According to statistics, CVD in countries with a low standard of living is more likely to develop heart disease, the causes of which lie in the change in the lifestyle of a modern person. People move little, abuse alcohol, smoke, eat unhealthy food and suffer from stress. Nervous tension combined with a lack of physical activity causes an imbalance, the heart and blood vessels become weak. The result of blockage of blood vessels are heart attacks and strokes. The main reasons for the development of CVD:

• bad habits;
• high blood pressure (as a result of malnutrition, lack of vitamins);
• imbalance of cholesterol in the body;
• fatty deposits formed on the inner walls of blood vessels.

Cardiovascular disease - risk factors

CVD is the scourge of modern society, but some are more at risk than others. These are overweight people with hypercholesterolemia, smokers and alcohol abusers, leading a sedentary lifestyle (for example, office workers), lovers of junk food. The habit of unhealthy eating with an excess of fats, carbohydrates and salt has a negative effect on the state of blood vessels. There are diseases such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hypertension, etc. People should be aware of the risk factors and prevention of cardiovascular diseases is a must.

Cardiovascular diseases - statistics

Cardiac diseases remain the main cause of deaths in Russia (47%), even considering that the last 8 years have seen a systematic decrease in mortality from them. In many ways, these indicators were achieved thanks to mass medical examinations. Prevention protects against cardiovascular disease more than any other measure. Epidemiological studies have shown that such interventions are highly effective: a 50% reduction in CHD mortality is associated with an impact on risk factors and only 40% with an improvement or change in treatment.

How to avoid cardiovascular diseases?

The complex of preventive measures for each individual. All measures are aimed at eliminating or minimizing the impact of CVD. The strategy may be aimed at changing lifestyle and environment. If the risk is high, the plan is to reduce the level of hazards. If necessary, both directions complement each other. As a rule, the prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system is carried out at several levels. Conventionally, it is divided into two groups: primary and secondary.

Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Preventive measures should be carried out throughout life. To prevent diseases of the heart and blood vessels, it is necessary to rationalize the mode of work and rest, increase physical activity, give up alcohol and smoking, normalize the diet and body weight.

Secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases

Prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system at the second stage involves activities carried out under the supervision of doctors. Diseases and pre-diseases were detected in a timely manner, the patient was examined and adequate treatment was prescribed. The therapeutic goal is to reduce the risk of progression of the existing pathology and the development of complications, to improve the quality of life. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases is carried out in people who are at risk.

Tertiary prevention of cardiovascular disease

At the final stage (third), the prevention of cardiovascular pathologies involves measures of medical intervention and the fight against complications. Actions are aimed at delaying the progression of the disease, preventing disability.

Clinical guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease

Therapy of cardiac pathologies may include taking medications and vitamins to maintain the health of the patient. Medications are prescribed to prevent cardiovascular disease. With manifestations of atherothrombosis, antithrombotic therapy is carried out and antiaggregants are prescribed - drugs that suppress the adhesion of blood cells. So, aspirin is often prescribed for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, and with it potassium and magnesium preparations. What other drugs are prescribed:

• funds for the heart;
• lipid-lowering agents;
• tablets at;
• drugs that stabilize blood pressure;
• drugs in the presence of changes in the walls of blood vessels.

Prevention of cardiovascular diseases - drugs

Tablets for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases are part of the therapy aimed at getting rid of the provocateur pathology and changing the patient's condition for the better. In the prevention and treatment of cardiac pathologies, the following drugs have proven themselves:

1. CardioActive supporting the normal functioning of the heart and blood vessels.
2. Cedar oil with hawthorn for the prevention of cardiac arrhythmias.
3. Normolite. Improves blood circulation and strengthens blood vessels.
4. Ginkgo Biloba Plus (Ginko Biloba Plus)- optimizes blood circulation.
5. Corvaton. Helps reduce resistance in blood vessels.
6. Anaprilin. Beta blocker, blood pressure regulator.
7. Cardioleptin and Cardio Support- means against atherosclerosis. Normalize heart rate, blood pressure and metabolism in the myocardium.
8. Lovastin and Fenofibrate drugs for the correction of cholesterol levels in the blood.

Vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease

Sometimes medical prevention of cardiovascular diseases includes taking not only drugs, but also auxiliary agents - vitamins, microelements. It is recommended to take them to people over 35 years old, athletes, workers in hazardous industries who have undergone surgery, etc. The following vitamins and minerals are useful for the heart and blood vessels:

• magnesium is a blood pressure stabilizer;
• calcium, which strengthens the vascular walls;
• phosphorus, a building material for cell membranes;
• potassium - useful for myocardial contractions;
• retinol or vitamin A, which prevents the development of atherosclerotic processes;
• vitamin E, protects the tissues of blood vessels and the heart;
• ascorbic acid - strengthens blood vessels, prevents the formation of cholesterol, etc.

Diet to prevent cardiovascular disease

Asking how to maintain a healthy heart, people try to lead a healthy lifestyle and usually start with proper nutrition. Doctors have long developed a "diet number 10", which improves blood circulation and eliminates the first signs of heart disease.

Proper nutrition, an active lifestyle, adequate diagnosis of concomitant diseases that lead to heart failure - all this helps to notice and eliminate CVD in time. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases should be carried out by all people, regardless of age, but those who have a risk of encountering them for medical reasons should be especially attentive to their health.

In recent years and decades, the incidence of cardiovascular diseases has been rapidly increasing, and they begin to appear in younger people.
Just a hundred years ago - an insignificant period of time on the scale of history! -, angina pectoris and heart failure were considered the lot of the elderly.
Now no one will be surprised if a 50-, 40-, even 30-year-old person complains of pain in the heart, high blood pressure or arrhythmia - a person of working age who leads an active life and is considered young by social standards.

For your information!

In just one day, our heart produces so much energy that it would be enough to drive a car 32 kilometers.

Everyone is well aware of how muscles weaken in the absence of regular training. But our heart is also a muscle, and therefore significant loads are useful to it to the same extent as to all other muscles of the body. (Of course, only if the heart is healthy.)
For its normal functioning, for example, you need to walk at least 6 km - every day, in any weather! Training is also required for blood vessels, since muscle tissue is also in them. So the importance of exercise for the treatment - and especially for prevention - of various pathologies cannot be overestimated.

Cardiovascular diseases

Diseases of the cardiovascular system are the number 1 killer among all existing diseases. Adults and children, rich and poor alike, suffer from heart problems equally. What are the causes of the problems, why diseases of the heart and blood vessels have reached a global scale?

What is cardiovascular disease?

Diseases of the cardiovascular system (CVD) include:

• Ischemia- an ailment that affects the blood vessels;
• myocardial infarction- acute violation of blood circulation in the heart, blockage of the artery by a thrombus;
• Hypertension- persistent increase in blood pressure;
• - violation of cerebral circulation;
• Chronic heart failure- poor blood supply to organs;
• Arrhythmia- Interruptions in the heart, rhythm disturbance, etc.

Causes of cardiovascular disease:

1. Unhealthy lifestyle: lack of physical activity, malnutrition;
2. Bad habits: smoking, drinking alcohol, drugs;
3. Negative, unstable emotional background: frequent stress, worries, overstrain;
4. Obesity;
5. Harmful working conditions: noise, vibration.

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease:

1. genetic predisposition,
2. age (people over 45),
3. gender (women are more affected than men)
4. people who have diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, diabetes, menopause, etc.

Methods for diagnosing cardiac diseases

A comprehensive diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases will help to determine the type of disease in a timely manner and make the correct diagnosis. There are a large number of methods for recognizing heart diseases, which are conditionally divided into 2 groups: laboratory and instrumental.

Laboratory diagnostic methods include: hormonal, general clinical, immunological analysis of blood and urine, urine analysis according to Nechiporenko, for sugar, thyroid hormones, etc.

Popular instrumental research methods are:

ECG. With its help, a specialist recognizes ischemia, arrhythmia, heart defects and tamponade, pericarditis and other pathologies. Reveals hidden disorders in the myocardium.

Echocardiography. It helps to detect blood clots, negative changes in the work of the heart, the presence of birth defects and their severity.

It helps to evaluate the work of the heart, to identify changes in its work, the state of blood vessels.

Holter monitoring. This is a type of ECG, its essence is that the results of the study are recorded within 24 hours on a special device. During the study, a person does not change his daily routine.

Features of the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

In the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, it is important to follow a comprehensive program, which includes items such as:

1. Taking medications with a vasodilating, anti-sclerotic, sedative, diuretic effect;
2. The use of traditional medicine;
3. Dieting;
4. Passage of physiotherapy;
5. Physiotherapy exercises;
6. Surgical intervention - if complex therapy did not bring results.

In the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system, one cannot resort only to the help of medicines. They bring a temporary effect. Only with the help of an integrated approach can the state of health be improved.

Dietary nutrition in cardiovascular diseases

The more fatty, high-calorie foods, sweets, fried, salty and spicy foods we eat, the more our heart suffers. With the help of diet therapy, you can achieve normal heart function, increase the body's resistance, prevent obesity, hypertension - the causes of pathologies in the heart and blood vessels. Features of the diet for cardiovascular diseases:

1. Exclusion from the diet of any foods and drinks that adversely affect the work of the heart and blood vessels: chocolate, spicy dishes, seasonings, alcohol, coffee, strong tea;
2. Restrictions on the use of table salt, as well as salty foods;
3. Frequent meals (5-6 times a day) in small portions;
4. Inclusion in the diet of fresh vegetables, fruits, herbs;
5. Reduced calorie intake;
6. Reducing the amount of fluid consumed (no more than 1.5 liters of water per day);
7. Carrying out unloading days.

Basic rules in the prevention of cardiac diseases

Preventing heart disease is a difficult task, but it can be done. The main thing is to have willpower and patience, and then there will be no health problems. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases is the mandatory implementation of the following measures:

1. Refusal of smoking, alcohol.
2. Adherence to the principles of healthy eating. The inclusion in the daily diet of dishes rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are responsible for lipid metabolism: nuts, fish, avocados. Foods such as pumpkin, garlic, pomegranate are very useful for the heart.
3. Significantly limit your salt intake. Excess salt leads to fluid retention in the body. It easily accumulates in the tissues and contributes to the formation of edema and the appearance of shortness of breath. How much salt a patient can consume, the doctor usually decides on an individual basis, but on average, the daily intake does not exceed 5-6 g (1 teaspoon without a slide).
4. Leading an active lifestyle: regular exercise, exercise, cycling, swimming, etc. You need to go in for sports at least 3 times a week for half an hour.
5. Normalization of weight, prevention of obesity.
6. Take all medications prescribed by your doctor in a timely manner and undergo appropriate examinations.
7. Avoidance of overvoltage by listening to classical music, taking a bath with aromatic oils, the ability to relax, protect yourself from minor troubles, domestic troubles. If necessary, the use of sedative herbs, for example, a decoction of motherwort.
8. Compliance with the regime of work and rest. Sleep at least 7 hours a day.
9. Frequent stay in nature, away from the bustle of the city.
10. Stay physically active. Classes can be held both in medical and prophylactic institutions-polyclinic, cardiological dispensary or sanatorium under the direct supervision of a specialist in physical therapy, and independently according to an individual plan and with strict self-control.
11. Have regular check-ups with a specialist. In the post-infarction period, constant monitoring of the function of the cardiovascular system is necessary.
12. Monitor your blood pressure and pulse daily.
13. Timely treatment of any diseases.

Physical activity

For the prevention of diseases of the heart and blood vessels, it is recommended to play sports for 40-60 minutes at least 3-4 times a week. Sports activities should be of moderate intensity and represent aerobic exercise.
Not only special exercises and sports have a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system, but also just active types of leisure activities. Some authors note the great importance of positive emotional reinforcement: a benevolent and positive attitude of a person towards activity. When sports are fun, they are much more effective than when they are perceived as a routine.

Dosed physical activity is favorable for cardiovascular diseases.
In the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (when a person is healthy), you can choose the type and intensity of exercise yourself.
In secondary prevention (the patient already has the disease and seeks to prevent its progression), the activity regimen should be planned after the examination and in accordance with the recommendations of the doctor.

It is very important to gradually increase the load, which will achieve a training effect. However, too intense exercises are contraindicated, they can do more harm than good. It is necessary to compare the energy expended with the caloric content of the diet.

So, the "four pillars" of the prevention of cardiovascular diseases:

• Giving up bad habits (especially smoking)
• Weight normalization
• diet
• Physical activity.

There are other recommendations for preventing heart problems. So, now many tend to pay special attention to the prevention of stress and increase stress resistance, as well as solving psychological problems. Negative emotional and mental factors are a trigger for the development and aggravation of many diseases, including cardiovascular ones.

Cardiovascular diseases very often develop slowly and gradually, and their signs remain invisible for a long time.

Cardiac diseases are an urgent public health problem, mortality rates from heart disease are the highest among all existing ailments. To avoid the risk of cardiovascular diseases, it is imperative to play sports, learn how to protect yourself from stressful situations, eat right, treat any ailments that disrupt the heart in a timely manner.

Attention! the information on the site is not a medical diagnosis, or a guide to action and is for informational purposes only.

Greetings to all blog readers!

Currently, in the entire civilized world, cardiovascular diseases have come out on top. It is alarming that these diseases have recently become more common at a young age and are the causes of severe outcomes.

Prevention of cardiovascular diseases help prevent heart disease. To do this, you need to know what our heart does not love, but what it responds with gratitude to.

First, let's talk about what the heart likes.

In the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, attention should first of all be paid to nutrition. Eat wholemeal bread, which is high in fiber. Fiber collects cholesterol and removes it from the body. This means that atherosclerotic phenomena will manifest themselves much more slowly.

Eat more vegetables and fruits, they contain important trace elements and vitamins for the heart.

It is better to refuse animal fats, and use vegetable oil. The best oils are olive and linseed.

Don't forget about sea fish and seafood, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids and Q-10. These substances contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis.

Drink unboiled and high-quality raw water. In boiled water, there is little calcium, and this leads to the development of cardiovascular diseases.

In order to prevent cardiovascular diseases, it is good to spend fasting days, for example, eat only vegetables, fruits or drink kefir during the day.

Eat four times a day, try to eat dinner no later than three hours before bedtime.

For cardiovascular diseases it is useful to take daily walks. If there is not enough time for walking, walk on the way to and from work. You need to leave the house early and try not to walk along busy highways. It's good to walk through parks where you can get some fresh air.

Engage in regular physical activity. They should be moderate, varied. They should be increased gradually.

For the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, try a course of treatment with raisins. This recipe will help the heart, relieve weakness and pain in the heart.

Take 2 kilograms of pitted raisins. Rinse well first with warm and then cold water. Let dry, sort out. Cooked raisins during the day, eat an even amount of 40 raisins in the morning on an empty stomach. Start eating breakfast no earlier than one hour later. According to this scheme, you need to eat 1 kilogram of raisins. Start taking the second kilogram in a decreasing pattern. Today 40 pieces, tomorrow 39, and so on. Preventive treatment can be carried out 1-2 times a year.

In autumn, do not forget to prepare viburnum. Drink viburnum tea with honey or sugar for prevention.

In autumn, do not miss the opportunity and carry out a preventive course of treatment with a mixture of apple and beet juice.

The juice mixture recipe is prepared as follows:

Squeeze apple and beet juice through a juicer. Let stand 2 hours. Mix 5 parts apple juice and 1 part beetroot juice. Take 2 glasses a day.

It is good to prepare the juice of beets and honey in a ratio of 1: 2, add the juice of one lemon. Drink an hour after eating, half a glass. Store the juice mixture in the refrigerator.

Now let's talk about what the heart reacts badly to, what does it not like?

A large peak of cardiovascular diseases, strokes and heart attacks occurs at the beginning of the summer period. People come to their dachas and try to immediately redo everything. We must not forget that you will never completely redo everything. It is better to engage in a slow pace, but you will avoid terrible consequences. All of the above can be recommended to people who decide to make repairs on their own.

Pay attention to sleep. Sleeping for a long time is bad, but lack of sleep is also harmful. A big risk for cardiovascular disease is working night shifts or overtime.

Avoid stress and conflict situations. You need to try to get away from them altogether or treat them with a bit of humor. Think about the fact that there are no perfect people, and we are all so different.

Control your blood pressure. High blood pressure can lead to a heart attack, significantly increases the load on the heart. Every home should have a pressure gauge. The choice of tonometers is now really great, you can choose for every taste and price.

Pay attention to salt, try to salt less food, but it is not recommended to completely refuse salt.

Pay attention to your weight. Try to get rid of excess weight. Excess weight very often leads to high blood pressure.

Keep track of your cholesterol levels, do not forget to donate blood for lipid composition. If the indicators are increased, try to take action and change your lifestyle and diet.

Ask your doctor to do a blood clotting test once a year. Viscous blood passes poorly through the vessels, blood microcirculation is disturbed. And to make the blood less viscous, do not forget the lemon and cranberries. Aspirin also thins the blood, in small doses it is prescribed by doctors. So you will be protected from thrombosis.

Magnesium and calcium deficiencies decrease significantly with age. This is especially true for women, as hormonal changes occur in their bodies. Deficiency of these important minerals leads to cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. For the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, every woman over 40 years of age should take magnesium and calcium supplements.

Such a simple prevention of cardiovascular diseases will definitely help you cope with serious ailments.

Your health must be protected, for us it is priceless. Take preventive measures, lead a healthy lifestyle.

And I wish you good health! Do not forget that our heart is such a vulnerable and delicate organ!

Prevention of cardiovascular diseases

In the Kirov region, diseases of the circulatory system account for more than half of the mortality structure, as a result of cardiovascular diseases, about 2 thousand people under the age of 60 die annually, more than 400 thousand working days are lost annually due to temporary disability.

To minimize the risk of developing hypertension, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis and, accordingly, such formidable complications of these diseases as myocardial infarction and acute cerebrovascular accident (stroke), each person should know the risk factors, the elimination of which will increase life expectancy and make her more comfortable.

What are these risk factors?

1. High blood pressure (above 140/90 mmHg)
2. Elevated blood cholesterol (upper limit of normal 5.0 mmol / l).
3. Elevated fasting blood sugar (normal blood glucose is 3.3 to 5.5 mmol/l).
4. Smoking.
5. Overweight. To a greater extent, abdominal obesity, which can be determined by waist circumference, negatively affects health. For men, the waist circumference should not exceed 102 cm, and for women - 88 cm.
6. Sedentary lifestyle.
7. Alcohol abuse.
8. Excess intake of fatty and salty foods. It is necessary to reduce the consumption of animal fats to a minimum (lard, little butter, sour cream, a lot of animal fats in sausages), and limit salt intake to 3-5 g per day (a teaspoon without a “hill”).

In terms of preventing cardiovascular accidents, it is especially necessary to highlight the need to control the level of blood pressure, since high blood pressure increases the risk of developing stroke and myocardial infarction several times. The optimal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg.

According to studies conducted in the Kirov region, the prevalence of arterial hypertension among the adult population of the region is 40.9%. 67.9% know their blood pressure level. Among those suffering from hypertension, more than half receive antihypertensive therapy, but only a seventh of them are treated effectively. Against the background of treatment, only one in seventeen of the population of patients with arterial hypertension reaches and maintains normal blood pressure for a long time (years). The male part of the population is especially bad about their health.

The low effectiveness of treatment is primarily due to the fact that there is still a widespread misconception about the course treatment of hypertension, when drugs are canceled when normal blood pressure levels are reached. Hypertension is a chronic disease, so treatment should be daily and long-term, and normal blood pressure numbers indicate that the treatment is chosen correctly and should be continued.

The World Heart Federation notes that it is critical that efforts to combat cardiovascular diseases go beyond political action and action by healthcare professionals. People around the world themselves can reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease in themselves and their loved ones. The home, as the center of everyone's family and daily life, is a great place to start taking steps to improve heart health. By slightly changing the norm of housekeeping and behavior at home, in order to prevent the development of heart disease and stroke, people around the world can live longer and better.

The World Heart Federation has identified four simple steps to follow in daily life:

• Do not allow smoking in the house. By quitting smoking, you will improve your health and the health of your loved ones. Set a rule: for every cigarette smoked, the smoker does additional housework.
• Stick to the principles of a healthy diet. Your diet should contain vegetables and fruits. Avoid fatty, fried and high-calorie foods.
• Encourage physical activity. Limit the time you and your family members spend in front of the TV and computer. Organize family walks, hikes and outdoor games.
• Know your numbers. Visit a medical institution, for example, a Health Center, where your blood pressure will be measured, your blood glucose and cholesterol levels will be determined, and your body mass index will be calculated. Knowing your risk of developing cardiovascular disease, you can develop a specific action plan to improve heart health.

By adhering to these rules, you can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. However, not all heart disease is preventable. Over 70 percent of all heart attacks and strokes requiring emergency medical attention occur at home when there is a family member nearby who can help the patient. Therefore, it is important to know what measures to take if a heart attack or ischemic stroke develops at home. If you suspect your family member is having a heart attack or stroke, seek immediate medical attention. Always have emergency numbers handy.

Signs of a heart attack:

• Discomfort in the chest, including constrictive pain in the chest or behind the breastbone.
• Discomfort and/or pain that radiates to other areas of the upper body, such as one or both arms, under the shoulder blades, back, neck, upper or lower jaw, or stomach area.
• Shortness of breath with or without chest discomfort.
• Other signs include: unexplained weakness or tiredness, restlessness or unusual nervousness, cold sweats, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and fainting.

Signs of a stroke:

• Sudden weakness in the face, arm, or leg, most often on one side of the body.
• Sudden clouding of consciousness, problems with speech or with understanding speech.
• Sudden vision problems in one or both eyes.
• Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination.
• Sudden severe headache with no known cause.

If you observe any of these signs, which may be transient, call an ambulance immediately. Remember, the earlier treatment is started, the more effective it is.

Celebrating World Heart Day, take responsibility for the health of your heart and the hearts of your loved ones. Make your home a place where healthy food is available, where tobacco is not allowed, and where physical activity is encouraged to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke. It is up to you to create the conditions for a healthy lifestyle in your home!

Prevention of diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Atherosclerosis. hypertension

Today we will continue to talk about modifying your lifestyle to reduce your individual risk. It will focus on other primary and secondary prevention activities, including selected drugs.

Initiate in all post-MI and acute coronary syndrome patients. Continue taking indefinitely. Observe the usual contraindications. Use as needed to treat angina, arrhythmias, or hypertension in all other patients.

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure, ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme, Hemoglobin A1c, the largest fraction of adult hemoglobin (glycolized hemoglobin), MI, myocardial infarction, BMI, body mass index, HDL, high density lipoprotein, LDL, low density lipoprotein, INR, international normalized ratio, CNR - chronic circulatory failure, CRF - chronic renal failure.

* Resin use is relatively contraindicated when triglycerides< 200 мг/дл (5,2 ммоль/л).

† – non-HDL cholesterol = total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol.

Information about some of the individual drugs that are listed in the table:

STATINS. The most studied statin to date is simvastatin (sold in pharmacies under the names: Zocor, Simvor, Vasilip, Simgal, etc.). Since December 2003, sold in the UK without a prescription. Starting dose 10 mg x 1 time per day at bedtime. Further, the dose is selected under the control of the level of LDL cholesterol (beta-lipoproteins, "bad" cholesterol). Two weeks after the start of treatment, it is advisable to perform a biochemical blood test for the activity of ALT and CPK enzymes. Possible side effects of simvastatin are comparable in frequency to placebo. If you have had angina pectoris, then the intensity of pain on the background of statins should decrease, as a rule, there are no other sensations when taking simvastatin. Simvastatin has been shown to reduce mortality and the development of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients taking it.

Fibrates, niacin, resin are drugs that are prescribed and controlled only by a doctor!

Antithrombotics / Anticoagulants. The most studied drugs in this group are aspirin (sold in pharmacies under the names: aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, thrombo ACC, etc.) and warfarin. Aspirin is taken once a day at a dose of 75 to 325 mg. A contraindication to the use of aspirin is a predisposition to bleeding and/or ulceration. Aspirin in a protective shell causes stomach ulcers in the same way as uncoated aspirin, because. this action occurs through the bloodstream, by acting on the enzyme cyclooxygenase, and not at the point of contact on the gastric mucosa. Aspirin has been shown to reduce mortality and the development of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients taking it.

Warfarin is a drug that only a doctor prescribes and controls its action! The selection of the dose of warfarin is carried out under the control of blood coagulability indicators!

ACE inhibitors. The most studied drugs from this group are ramipril (sold in pharmacies under the names: tritace, korpril) and enalapril (sold in pharmacies under the names: renitek, enap, ednit, invoril, enam, etc.). The initial dose for ramipril is 2.5 mg x 1 time per day, for enalapril 5 mg x 2 times a day. Ramipril and enalapril are contraindicated in pregnancy, hyperkalemia, bilateral renal artery stenosis and aortic valve stenosis. The dose is adjusted according to the level of blood pressure to the maximum tolerated. Ramipril or enlaril has been shown to reduce mortality and the development of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients taking one of these drugs.

Beta blockers. The most studied drug from this group is metoprolol (sold in pharmacies under the names: betalok, egilok, unilok, etc.). The initial dose is 12.5 mg x 2 times a day. Contraindications to metoprolol: bronchial asthma and other obstructive pulmonary diseases, bradycardia and AV blockade. The dose is selected according to the level of blood pressure. Metoprolol has been shown to reduce mortality and myocardial infarction in patients taking it.

One of the diseases that can lead to the development of myocardial infarction is hypertension. This is why blood pressure control is so important.

First you need to decide: do you have hypertension?

Definition and classification of blood pressure levels

The heart is the most important and hardworking organ in the body. It pumps oxygenated blood. But these days, this organ is at great risk (medically and emotionally). Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, killing one person every 34 seconds.

If you want to live long and feel good, your heart must function properly. Here we have listed the top 10 tips that do not require extra effort and worries, and can be incorporated into daily life.

1. Good sleep and early rise

Sound sleep regulates the overall functioning of the vascular, digestive and muscular systems. A person should sleep at least 6 hours a day. Sleep deprivation is bad for your health.

Keeping a family medical history is very important. If your ancestors/relatives had severe heart disease, you should take precautions beforehand.

2. Regular checkups and extra vitamin supplements

Timely and regular checking is very important. Food today is not as healthy and fresh as it used to be due to pesticides and the use of scientific technology.

You can take fish oil, vitamin capsules and grape extract as supplements to your main diet.

3. Foods to Avoid

Reduce consumption of unhealthy foods. Fatty foods, despite being loved all over the world, try to avoid french fries, mayonnaise, fatty foods such as hamburgers, pizzas, cream cakes and candies.

This will prevent not only heart disease, but also other health complications.

4. How to avoid hypertension and stress

Stress and hypertension must be controlled. Emotional stress is one of the main causes of heart disease. Stressful situations should be avoided as much as possible. Keep calm and relax. Do not be angry. Smile more often.

If you are in an uncomfortable situation, take deep breaths. Keep tension and stress away from you if you want a healthy heart.

5. Control blood sugar and pressure

Blood pressure and blood sugar levels are related to each other.

People with high sugar levels are more likely to suffer from heart disease. High levels of sugar and salt increase blood pressure.

When it is high, it means the heart is extra loaded, so avoid a lot of sweets in your diet.

6. Maintenance of cholesterol levels

LDL, known as bad cholesterol, leads to the accumulation of fat in the arteries, which leads to constriction in the vessels and causes blood pressure to rise.

Read labels before you eat anything. Check the amount of saturated fat, cholesterol and calories per serving. Be careful and remember your heart at all times.

7. Give up alcohol and smoking

You need to lead a healthy lifestyle. If you want your heart to work properly, quit smoking and drinking too much alcohol. This seriously affects the heart. Smoking leads to the accumulation of nicotine in the blood, which not only causes cancer, but also clogs the blood vessels, which ultimately affects the heart.

Drinking alcohol in excess is very dangerous. Although it is said that a glass or two of wine a day is good for heart health, but excessive consumption leads to excessive blood depletion and causes heart problems.

8. Watch your weight

Being overweight is one of the most common problems all over the world. Adults and children are crazy about food. If you are overweight, your heart needs to pump blood with more force, and in turn, this is an extra burden on the heart and blood vessels.

A large accumulation of body weight in the abdominal region is one of the causes of a heart attack. A BMI test can help you keep track of your weight.

9. Regular workouts

An active lifestyle will definitely keep you healthy. Nowadays, people do not pay enough attention to exercise. They spend the whole day sitting in front of the TV, laptop, eating or sleeping. Exercise keeps you active and is essential for proper blood circulation in the body.

You should exercise for 35-40 minutes a day. There is no need to perform exercises that are unpleasant for you. Walking, climbing stairs and cycling are the most effective and comfortable exercises and will help avoid blockages in the arteries that cause heart disease.

10. Eat healthy

Nutrition must be balanced. Try to eat fresh fruits and vegetables in sufficient quantities for you. Eat foods rich in vitamins and fiber, such as bananas, oats, and wheat bran. Protein in the diet is one of the most effective ways to prevent heart disease, such as fish and legumes.